Causes of adnexitis

Adnexitis refers to the inflammation of the uterine appendages in the female internal reproductive organs, including the fallopian tubes and ovaries. The ovaries and fallopian tubes are symmetrical on the left and right and are located below the waist belt in the lower abdomen. When adnexitis occurs, the patient presents with continuous or intermittent pulling pain and a feeling of heaviness on both sides or one side. The causes of adnexitis are introduced as follows.

1. Overview of adnexitis

Adnexitis refers to inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries. However, fallopian tube and oophoritis are often accompanied by parametrial connective tissue inflammation and pelvic peritonitis, and it is difficult to distinguish them during diagnosis. In this way, pelvic peritonitis and parametrial connective tissue inflammation are also classified as adnexitis.

2. Causes of adnexitis

Although adnexitis refers to inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries, fallopian tube and oophoritis are often accompanied by parametrial connective tissue inflammation and pelvic peritonitis, and they are not easy to distinguish during diagnosis. In this way, pelvic peritonitis and parametrial connective tissue inflammation are also classified as adnexitis. Among pelvic organ inflammations, fallopian tube inflammation is the most common. Due to the proximity of anatomical parts, fallopian tube inflammation, oophoritis, and pelvic peritonitis often coexist and affect each other.

The specific causes of adnexitis are as follows:

(1) After childbirth or abortion, due to the decrease in resistance, pathogens can ascend through the reproductive tract and spread to the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and then the entire pelvic cavity, causing inflammation.

(2) With the widespread use of intrauterine devices, patients may not pay attention to personal hygiene or the surgical procedure may not be strict, which may cause the disease.

(3) Uterine cavity operations performed without strict disinfection, such as vacuum extraction, hysterosalpingography, cervical canal treatment, and obstetric surgery infections without strict disinfection.

(4) Not paying attention to menstrual hygiene, having sexual intercourse during menstruation or having unclean sexual intercourse, etc.

(5) If infections in other parts of the body are not treated promptly, the pathogens can spread through the bloodstream and cause salpingo-oophoritis, which is more common in tuberculosis diseases.

(6) When inflammation occurs in the pelvic cavity or organs adjacent to the fallopian tubes, such as appendicitis, it can spread directly to cause salpingo-oophoritis and pelvic peritonitis. The inflammation usually occurs in the adjacent fallopian tube and ovary.

(7) Sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea. After infection, gonococci can spread upward along the mucous membrane, causing inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

2. Causes of adnexitis in unmarried women

Generally speaking, unmarried women who do not have sex are less likely to get adnexitis, but that does not mean they will never get adnexitis. Because pathogens can also enter the internal reproductive organs through non-sexual routes, experts point out that the common invasion routes are as follows:

1. Non-sexual invasion of STD pathogens

Sexually transmitted diseases are very common and can enter the reproductive tract through non-sexual routes, the most common of which are staying in a hotel, bathing in a bathtub, using a toilet, wearing a bathrobe, etc.

2. Hematogenous transmission

It is mainly seen in tuberculosis. The tuberculosis bacteria can invade the genitals through the blood, causing genital tuberculosis in patients.

3. Lymphatic spread

In patients with enteritis, especially severe colitis, pathogenic bacteria can spread from the colon to the genitals through the lymphatic vessels.

4. Direct Infringement

The most common is appendicitis. Patients with appendicitis delay seeking medical treatment for various reasons. As a result, bacteria will break through the appendix membrane and flow into the right appendix with pus, and even accumulate in the left appendix.

3. Reasons why married women are prone to adnexitis

1. Intrauterine contraceptive device - not paying attention to personal hygiene opens the door for bacteria to invade. It should be noted that the placement of an intrauterine contraceptive device itself does not directly cause adnexitis. Inflammation only occurs when there is no strict aseptic operation when placing the device or when personal hygiene is poor after placement.

2. Running a "red light" - having sex during menstruation, bringing in bacteria. Having sex during menstruation is not only a cause of adnexitis, but also a common cause of other gynecological inflammations.

3. Childbirth or abortion - the body's resistance decreases, pathogens ascend through the reproductive tract and spread to the fallopian tubes and ovaries, and then affect the entire pelvic cavity.

4. Sexually transmitted disease infection - pathogenic bacteria spread upward along the mucous membrane, causing infection and inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

5. Sitting for a long time - lack of activity. The blood circulation, especially the lower pelvic blood vessels, is poor, which leads to obstruction of venous return. Due to the special anatomical structure of the pelvic cavity, the blood return is even worse. The normal detoxification function of the uterine appendages is affected. If there are other reasons at the same time, inflammation is likely to occur.

6. Often wear tight pants - the perineum is not breathable, vaginal excrement accumulates, causing inflammation, and then ascends to induce adnexal inflammation.

7. Improper cleaning of the vulva, such as washing the anus first and then the perineum, will bring bacteria from the anus into the vagina, or taking a bath in a tub during menstruation, etc., the bacteria will also ascend and invade the internal reproductive organs.

8. Others - Latent infection lesions in other parts of the body are not treated in time. Pathogens can flow through the blood and spread to the fallopian tubes and ovaries, with tuberculosis infection being the most common; inflammation of the pelvic cavity or organs adjacent to the fallopian tubes, such as appendicitis, can affect the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, and then affect the appendages. Inflammation caused by this reason is generally limited to the adjacent fallopian tube and ovary: The pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases sneak into the reproductive tract through non-sexual routes. For example, when you are on a business trip and stay at a travel agency, you may see bathtubs and bathrobes used by sexually transmitted patients without knowing it.

4. Long-term constipation is also a cause of adnexitis

If constipation occurs for a long time, various bacteria, viruses, fungi and other pathogens that remain in the excreta in the intestine can spread directly to the left fallopian tube and ovary through the capillaries and lymphatic vessels, causing adnexitis.

The uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and other internal reproductive organs are located in the pelvic cavity, adjacent to the bladder in front, and close to the intestine in the back and on the left and right sides. The right fallopian tube is next to the appendix and cecum, and the left fallopian tube is close to the sigmoid colon and rectum. If constipation occurs for a long time, various bacteria, viruses, molds and other pathogens in the excreta in the intestine can spread directly to the left fallopian tube and ovary through capillaries and lymphatic vessels, causing inflammation of the adnexa. In mild cases, the lesions progress slowly and the symptoms are not obvious. In severe cases, lower abdominal pain, back pain, excessive leucorrhea, excessive menstruation, dysmenorrhea and sexual intercourse pain may occur.

Once the fallopian tube is blocked due to inflammation, it will hinder the meeting of sperm and egg, causing infertility.

Therefore, women of childbearing age should consciously develop the habit of drinking water, preferably a glass of honey water every morning. They should eat coarse grains, vegetables and fruits regularly, and develop the habit of regular bowel movements.

5. Causes of adnexitis cysts

Adnexitis cysts are difficult to distinguish when inflammation occurs because the fallopian tubes and ovaries are adjacent. Especially chronic inflammation of the fallopian tubes can lead to fibrosis, thickening and obstruction of the fallopian tubes over time, and can also adhere to surrounding tissues. If both ends of the fallopian tubes are blocked, hydrosalpinx may form, and the hydrosalpinx may penetrate into the ovaries that are adhered together, forming a fallopian tube cyst. This is the main cause of post-marital infertility or ectopic pregnancy.

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