What are the items in gynecological examination?

Nine out of ten women have some gynecological diseases. Many women are used to it and think it is very common, so they don’t care. They regret it when cancer occurs. This shows the importance of early detection. Physical examination is the earliest way to detect the disease, so women should have regular gynecological examinations to prevent cancer. So what are the gynecological examinations?

Gynecological examination specific items:

1. Routine gynecological examination:

(1) Examination of the external genitals: Normal external genitals, with pubic hair pointing downwards in a triangular distribution, labia majora with pigmentation, labia minora with reddish color, no ulcers, dermatitis, vegetation, or hypopigmentation in the perineum, clitoral length <2.5 cm, pale pink mucosa around the urethral opening, and no vegetation. Married women have old cracks in their hymen, and pregnant women have old cracks in their hymen and perineum, or there may be incision scars in the perineum. If necessary, the doctor may ask the patient to hold his breath downward to observe whether there is bulging of the anterior and posterior vaginal walls, uterine prolapse, or urinary incontinence. If there is a lesion, the doctor will describe it as "married type" or "pregnant type", and will record any abnormalities in detail.

(2) Vaginal examination: The vaginal mucosa is light pink in color, with wrinkles, and is free of ulcers, vegetation, cysts, vaginal septa, double vagina and other congenital malformations. Normal vaginal secretions are egg white-like or white paste, without fishy odor, and in small amounts, but increase during ovulation and pregnancy. If there are any abnormalities, the patient will have corresponding clinical symptoms, such as local itching, burning sensation, etc. The doctor will record them in detail and conduct laboratory tests.

(3) Cervical examination: A normal cervix is ​​convex with a hole in the middle. It is round in nulliparous women and "I"-shaped in pregnant women. It is tough, flesh-red, and smooth. If the examination is normal, it means that it is shiny, medium-quality, and has no itching or pain. If abnormalities are found, the degree of erosion (mild, moderate, or none), the degree of cervical hypertrophy, and the size and location of the growth will be described in detail.

(4) Examination of the uterus and its appendages: A normal uterus is inverted pear-shaped, 7-8 cm long, 4-5 cm wide, and 2-3 cm thick. Most of them are in an anteriorly tilted and anteflexed position, with a medium hardness and good mobility. The ovaries and fallopian tubes are collectively called "appendages". A normal ovary can occasionally expand to a size of 3×2×1 cm3, is movable, and feels slightly sore and swollen when touched. A normal fallopian tube cannot be touched. If the uterus is in a "mid-position" or "posterior position", it is not a big deal if there are no obvious clinical symptoms.

2. B-ultrasound examination:

(1) Conventional ultrasound is the most common method. The ultrasound probe is placed in the lower abdomen to observe the pelvic cavity, focusing on the uterus, adnexa and pelvic cavity.

(2) Transvaginal ultrasound involves adding a probe to the ultrasound machine and covering it with a thin film. The doctor or the patient inserts the probe into the vagina for examination, with a focus on the cervix and endometrium.

3. Routine examination of leucorrhea: It is a physical examination related to female physiological hygiene to determine whether a woman has abnormal leucorrhea through five examinations including vaginal pH value, vaginal cleanliness, vaginal microbial examination, etc.

Cervical smear test: a small amount of cell samples are taken from the cervix, placed on a glass slide, and then studied under a microscope to see if there are any abnormalities. Cervical smear test is currently the simplest and most effective diagnostic method for widely checking cervical cancer.

Colposcopy: Use a vaginal speculum to fully expose the vaginal part of the cervix. Without using any lubricant, use a cotton ball with normal saline solution to gently wipe away the cervical secretions. Do not rub hard. Turn on the light source and adjust the focus. Generally, the objective lens should be about 15 to 20 cm away from the cervix and about 5 to 10 cm away from the vulva. First observe with a low-power microscope of 10 times, then increase the magnification and observe along the field of view.